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 面试系列-volatile关键字详解
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 <blockquote style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em;padding:15px 15px 15px 1rem;border-left-width:6px;border-left-color:#dce6f0"><p style="min-height:1em;font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:break-word !important"><span style=color:#3daad6><span style=font-size:12px>作者：海子<br style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:break-word !important">链接：</span><span style=font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.544px>https://www.cnblogs.com/dolphin0520/p/3920373.html</span></span><p style="min-height:1em;font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:break-word !important"><span style=font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.544px;color:#3daad6>Java架构师之路做了编排和配图</span></p></blockquote><p><span style=font-size:14px>volatile关键字虽然从字面上理解起来比较简单，但是要用好不是一件容易的事情。由于volatile关键字是与Java的内存模型有关的，因此在讲述volatile关键之前，我们先来了解一下与内存模型相关的概念和知识，然后分析了volatile关键字的实现原理，最后给出了几个使用volatile关键字的场景。</span><p><br><section style=white-space:normal;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial><section style="margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:auto;border-bottom:1px solid #dddddd"><section style="margin-bottom:-1px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:5px;clear:both;border-bottom:2px solid #ef7060;display:inline-block;line-height:1.1"><p style=font-size:15px><strong>内存模型</strong></p></section></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p>程序在执行过程中，每条指令都是通过CPU来执行的，存在数据的读取和写入。程序运行过程中的临时数据<span style=letter-spacing:.544px>存放在主内存(物理内存)中，cpu执行速度很快，要是直接从主内存中读取和写入数据，那执行指令的速度</span><span style=letter-spacing:.544px>要慢很多，所以cpu要引入高速缓存也叫工作内存。</span><p><br><p>程序实际运行过程，会将运算需要的数据从主内存中复制一份到cpu高速缓存当中，直接从高速缓存中读取<span style=letter-spacing:.544px>和写入数据，运算结束后再把高速缓存的数据刷新到主内存当中。</span></p></section></section><p><br><section style=white-space:normal;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial><section style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #dddddd"><section style="margin-bottom:-1px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:5px;clear:both;border-bottom:2px solid #ef7060;display:inline-block;line-height:1.1"><p style=font-size:15px>多线程共享变量</p></section></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p>每个线程都有自己独立的工作内存，多个线程同时访问一个变量会存在缓存一致性问题。假如X的初始值为1，<span style=letter-spacing:.544px>可能存在</span>线程1和2都执行X=X+1,cpu执行时工作内存1和工作内存2中X的值都为1，两个线程执行完后刷新到主内存，最终导致执行结果为2，而不是3,。如下图：<p style=text-align:center><br><img data-ratio=0.6407185628742516 data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/M7B64fHXISuxicvVt7eRYMiaAzbQZhs9dBTgYVicqw10U7kpb6sOhZWMmgwsY0IKWpKPWEUoAzuCXlvGUtibFCRteA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type=png data-w=501 title _width=501px src="" style="width:501px !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important" crossorigin=anonymous data-fail=0><p>如果线程1对变量的修改能够被线程二看到，需要做如下操作：<p>1.线程1把修改后的变量从工作内存1中刷新到主内存中<p>2.主内存把最新的变量值更新到线程2的工作内存中</p></section></section><p><br><section style=white-space:normal;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial><section style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #dddddd"><section style="margin-bottom:-1px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:5px;clear:both;border-bottom:2px solid #ef7060;display:inline-block;line-height:1.1"><p style=font-size:15px>并发编程</p></section></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p>并发编程中有三个问题：<span style=color:#ff0000>原子性</span>，<span style=color:#ff0000>可见性</span>和<span style=color:#ff0000>有序性</span>。</p></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p style=text-align:center><span style=color:#ff0000><strong>原子性</strong></span><p>原子性：即一个操作或者多个操作要么全部执行且执行过程中不会被打断，要么就都不执行。<br><span style=color:#ff0000>举例</span>：<span style=letter-spacing:.544px>从账户A向账户B转1000元，需要先从账户A减去1000元，再往账户B加上1000元。如果没有原子性保护，从账户A减去1000元，操作突然中止。导致A账户少了1000元，而B账户没有加上1000元。</span></p></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p style=text-align:center><span style=color:#ff0000><strong>可见性</strong></span><p>可见性：指多个线程访问同一变量时，一个线程修改了变量值，其他线程能够立即看到修改的值。<p><span style=color:#ff0000>举例</span>：<section style=line-height:1.6;letter-spacing:0><pre style=font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:0><code style="margin-right:2px;margin-left:2px;line-height:18px;letter-spacing:0;font-family:Consolas,Inconsolata,Courier,monospace;border-radius:0;background:#efecf4;color:#585260;padding:.5em;display:block !important;overflow-wrap:normal !important;word-break:normal !important;overflow:auto !important"><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#655f6d;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">//线程1执行的代码</span><br><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">int</span> i = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">0</span>;<br>i = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">10</span>;<br><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#655f6d;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">//线程2执行的代码</span><br><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">int</span> j = i;</code></pre></section><p>线程1执行完后i的值为10，线程2执行完后j的值仍为0，这就是可见性问题。</p></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p style=text-align:center><span style=color:#ff0000><strong>有序性</strong></span><p>有序性指程序执行的顺序按照代码的先后顺序执行。<p><span style=color:#ff0000>举例</span>：<p><br><section style=line-height:1.6;letter-spacing:0><pre style=font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:0><code style="margin-right:2px;margin-left:2px;line-height:18px;letter-spacing:0;font-family:Consolas,Inconsolata,Courier,monospace;border-radius:0;background:#efecf4;color:#585260;padding:.5em;display:block !important;overflow-wrap:normal !important;word-break:normal !important;overflow:auto !important"><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">int</span> i = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">0</span>;<br><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">int</span> j = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">0</span>;<br>i = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">1</span>; &nbsp; <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#655f6d;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">//语句1</span><br>j = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">2</span>; &nbsp; <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#655f6d;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">//语句2</span></code></pre></section><p>程序在执行时不一定语句1先执行，语句2后执行，因为cpu对执行进行了重排序，因为处理器为了提高程序的<span style=letter-spacing:.544px>运行效率，可能会对输入的代码进行优化，就不能保证执行的先后顺序和代码的先后顺序一样，但能保证执行</span><span style=letter-spacing:.544px>的结果和代码顺序执行结果一致。</span></p></section></section><p><br><section style=white-space:normal;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial><section style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #dddddd"><section style="margin-bottom:-1px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:5px;clear:both;border-bottom:2px solid #ef7060;display:inline-block;line-height:1.1"><p style=font-size:15px>剖析volatile关键字</p></section></section></section><p><span style=font-size:14px>以上的讲述都是深入理解volatile关键字做铺垫，下边进入正题。</span><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p style=text-align:center><span style=color:#ff0000><strong>volatile关键字两层语义</strong></span><p><span style=letter-spacing:.544px>一个共享变量(类的成员变量、类的静态成员变量)被volatile修饰之后，就具备了两层语义：</span><br><p style="margin:10px auto;line-height:2">1.保证了不同线程对变量进行操作时的可见性，即一个线程修改了变量的值，修改后的值对其他线程来说是立即可见的。<p style="margin:10px auto;line-height:2">2.禁止进行指令重排序。</p></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p style=text-align:center><span style=color:#ff0000><strong>volatile不能保证原子性</strong></span><p>如下代码示例：<section style=line-height:1.6;letter-spacing:0><pre style=font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:0><code style="margin-right:2px;margin-left:2px;line-height:18px;letter-spacing:0;font-family:Consolas,Inconsolata,Courier,monospace;border-radius:0;background:#efecf4;color:#585260;padding:.5em;display:block !important;overflow-wrap:normal !important;word-break:normal !important;overflow:auto !important"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">public</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">volatile</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">int</span> num = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">0</span>;<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important"><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">public</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">void</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#576ddb;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">increase</span><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">()</span></span>{<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;num++;<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;} <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important"><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">public</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">static</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">void</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#576ddb;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">main</span><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">(String[] args)</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">throws</span> InterruptedException </span>{<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;VolatileTest volatileTest = <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">new</span> VolatileTest();<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">for</span> (<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">int</span> i=<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">0</span>; i&lt;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">10</span>; i++){<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">new</span> Thread(){<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">@Override</span><br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important"><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">public</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">void</span> <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#576ddb;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">run</span><span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">()</span></span>{<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">for</span> (<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">int</span> j=<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">0</span>; j&lt;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">1000</span>; j++){<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;volatileTest.increase();<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;}<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;}<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;}.start();<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;}<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">try</span> {<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Thread.sleep(<span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#aa573c;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">5000</span>);<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;} <span style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:#955ae7;overflow-wrap:inherit !important;word-break:inherit !important">catch</span> (InterruptedException e) {<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;e.printStackTrace();<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;}<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;System.out.println(volatileTest.num);<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;}<br>}<br></code></pre></section><p><br><p>运行结果发现每次都不一样，我们期望的值是：<span style=color:#ff0000>10000</span>，导致原因如下：<p>自增操作不是原子性的，而且volatile也无法保证对变量操作的原子性<p>如想保证原子性操作可以使用如下方法：<p>1.increase方法前加synchronized关键字。<p>2.increase方法中加锁。<p>3.使用AtomicInteger类。</p></section></section><p><br><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p style=text-align:center><span style=color:#ff0000><strong>volatile原理及实现机制</strong></span><p><span style=letter-spacing:.544px>下面这段话摘自《深入理解Java虚拟机》：</span><p><span style=letter-spacing:.544px>&nbsp; “观察加入volatile关键字和没有加入volatile关键字时所生成的汇编代码发现，加入volatile关键字时，会多出一个lock前缀指令”</span><p style="margin:10px auto;line-height:2">lock前缀指令实际上相当于一个内存屏障（也成内存栅栏），内存屏障会提供3个功能：<ol class=list-paddingleft-2><li><p style="margin:10px auto;line-height:2"><span style=color:#ff0000>确保指令重排序时不会把其后面的指令排到内存屏障之前的位置，也不会把前面的指令排到内存屏障的后面；即在执行到内存屏障这句指令时，在它前面的操作已经全部完成。</span></p><li><p style="margin:10px auto;line-height:2"><span style=letter-spacing:.544px;color:#ff0000>它会强制将对缓存的修改操作立即写入主存。</span></p><li><p style="margin:10px auto;line-height:2"><span style=letter-spacing:.544px;color:#ff0000>如果是写操作，它会导致其他CPU中对应的缓存行无效。</span></p></ol></section></section><p><br><section style=white-space:normal;border-width:0;border-style:initial;border-color:initial><section style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #dddddd"><section style="margin-bottom:-1px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:5px;clear:both;border-bottom:2px solid #ef7060;display:inline-block;line-height:1.1"><p style=font-size:15px>volatile使用场景</p></section></section></section><p><br><section data-tools=135编辑器 data-id=5 style=font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;letter-spacing:.544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;widows:1;line-height:25.6px;border-width:0;border-style:none;border-color:initial><section style="margin:2px auto;padding:15px;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;border-width:2px;border-style:dashed;border-color:#dedcde"><p style=text-align:left>synchronized关键字是防止多个线程同时执行一段代码，但会很影响执行效率，而volatile关键字在某些情况下性能要优于synchronized，但是要注意volatile关键字是无法替代synchronized关键字的，因为volatile关键字无法保证操作的原子性。通常来说，使用volatile必须具备以下2个条件：<p style=text-align:left>1.对变量的写操作不依赖于当前值.<p style=text-align:left>2.该变量没有包含在具有其他变量的不变式中.<p style=text-align:left><br><p style=text-align:center><span style=color:#ff0000>我的理解就是上面的2个条件需要保证操作是原子性操作，才能保证使用volatile关键字在并发时能够正确执行。</span></p></section></section><section data-mpa-template-id=692363 data-mpa-color=null data-mpa-category=fav style=color:#333333><section style="font-size:15px;letter-spacing:1.5px;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word 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